Analysis Of Franklin Delano Roosevelt s Life And Education

Body of Research Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York as an only child to a rich couple. â€Å"Franklin’s family had been prominent for several generations, having made their fortune in real estate and trade. Roosevelt was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt. The family lived at Springwood, their estate in the Hudson River Valley in New York State.†(Biography.com Editors, pg.1).As previously inquired, the fact that Roosevelt had been born to a rich family severely influenced his life and education. While growing up, Franklin Roosevelt was surrounded by privilege and a sense of self-importance and his being raised this way is much different than the people whom he’d be working†¦show more content†¦Thus, he set his eyes on greater accomplishments. He may have really worked hard because â€Å"At the age of twenty-eight in 1910, he was invited to run for New York State Senate. Franklin campaigned hard and won the election (Biography.com Editors pg. 3). Without his determination skills and perseverance maybe Franklin wouldn’t have become senator. It maybe was because of his experience at Groton that ushered him to make himself something more. Along with winning this election Roosevelt took in the valuable experience in political tactics and intrigue. Along with the happiness came dismay because Franklin earned the ire of party leaders. â€Å"As a state senator, Roosevelt opposed elements of the Democratic political machine in New York.† (Friedel and Sidey pg. 5) This explains the fact that Franklin received dislikes upon his actions taken as state senator of New York. In 1912 Roosevelt was reelected and served as chair of the agriculture committee. During the National Democratic Convention followed in the footsteps as his idol Theodore Roosevelt and became Assistant Secretary of the Navy by supporting presidential candidate at the time, Woodrow Wilson. In 1914 Roosevelt decided to run for the U.S Senate seat for New York. But things didn’t go so well just as things were beginning Roosevelt was failing due to his lack of support from the White House. â€Å"The proposition was doomed from the start,

Prison Overcrowding And The United States - 1555 Words

Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.† The prisons in the United States have been overcrowded for many years and require a change in order to fix this. Some of the main causes for prison overcrowding that will be covered in this paper are mass incarceration, long sentencing, recidivism, and prisoners of drug crimes. Overcrowding of prisons in the United States is a major issue that affects not only the prisoners themselves, but taxpayers and politicians. Although there are many different solutions to prison overcrowding such as building more prisons, alternative and shorter sentences, etc., the issue is still prevalent. Some feel the best way to deal with overcrowding is to build more prisons to accommodate the large influx of prisoners. Others feel the best mode of action to solve this problem is through shorter, and alternative sentencing, which frees up space for serious offenders of the law. This paper argues that shorter, and alternative prison sentences are the most effective way to reduce the prison population in the United States. Prisons and their overcrowding is a controversial topic not to be taken lightly. There are an incredible number of people in American prisons today. For example, according to Peter Katel, there are more people in prison right now in the United States than any other country. TheShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding : The United States1535 Words   |  7 Pages 2017 Prison Overcrowding The United States has the highest number of incarcerated individuals than other countries. Offenders are arrested every day for minor and major offences such as murder. America is hard on crime. When someone breaks the law the criminal justice’s system seeks an eye for an eye. Prison overcrowding has become a major problem in the United States, it is very expensive to house an inmate and there are other methods to punish offenders without sending them to prison for extendedRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The United States994 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Overcrowding In the United States, there’s two types of incarcerations: jail vs prison and federal vs state. The key difference between all prison systems is the size, location, and quantity of inmates and the crime rate in each area. Overpopulation has been an issue for a while mainly because for the safety for the inmates, the Three Strike Law, and also, society feeling that rehabilitation isn’t what they want for convicted felons. In the future, the system of corrections should decreaseRead MorePrison Overcrowding And Its Effects On The United States Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPer Derek Gilna’s report on Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding, prisons have become overpopulated throughout a five-year span from 2006 to 2011 (Gilna, page 48). Prison overcrowding has become a plague in the United States for some time now. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics shows more than two-million adults are incarcerated in US federal and state prisons. There are many rea sons that prisons are becoming overpopulated but not such a certain cause. To fix the problem, attentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Prison Overcrowding On The United States Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has the biggest imprisonment rate on the planet, and paying a high cost for it. Detainment strength finished in the mid-1970s when the jail populace expanded from 300,000 to 1.6million detainees, and the imprisonment rate from 100 for each 100,000 to more than 500 for every 100,000. Nonetheless, there is by all accounts little relationship between the wrongdoing rate and the imprisonment rate (Clear et al., 2013). One of the causes of prison overcrowding comes about because of theRead MoreOvercrowding And Its Effects On The United States Prison System1178 Words   |  5 Pages Overcrowding prisons are an issue that has been influencing the United States prison population for decades, however what is the true significance of overcrowding. As indicated by Jeff Bleich (1989) â€Å"the term overcrowding is repetitive, since crowding already refers to a higher level of social density than is desired†. An overcrowded prison is a shocking condition that causes outrage and dissatisfaction among detainees (Haney, 2014). This condition is so undesirable that one can consider it as unconstitutionalRead MoreEssay about American Intervention: Prisons in the United States576 Words   |  3 Pageshelp of our own concerning our prisons. First, we could use help with overcrowding. Next, minor flaws in our justice system that contribute to overcrowding. Finally, the condition of some of our prisons don’t make them seem like they are not prisons at all. In the United States, prison overcrowding is caused by many issues. These include not enough room in prisons, increasing crime rates, and changes in the justice system’s laws. Causes of prison overcrowding may include: double-celling, prisonerRead MorePrison Overcrowding Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Prison Overcrowding Nicole Neal American Intercontinental University Abstract This research paper is to explore the impact of prison overcrowding. The United States has a, what seems to be everlasting, prison overcrowding problem. Not only does the United States have this dilemma, but also many other countries have overcrowded prisons as well. Many issues need to be addressed; ways to reduce the prison populations and how to effectively reduce prison cost withoutRead MoreTheu.s. State Prison System965 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) the first mainRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthat prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. My next point will be the health of the inmates discussing both their physical and mental while in overcrowded prisons. Lastly I will discuss the physical and mental health of the correctional officers and how the job could lead to correctional officers having issues in their private life. Prison Overcrowding has become a major issue in the United StatesRead MoreThe Overcrowding Of The Correctional Facilities1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat to maintaining this balance is the overcrowding of prisons. In 2011, the United States Supreme Court ruled that massive overcrowding of California prisons violates its prisoner’s eighth amendment right protecting them from cruel and unusual punishment (Boylan, 2015, p. 558). At the time California’s correctional institutions were at double their capacity, housing over 155, 500 prisoners in only 33 institutions (Specter, 2010, p. 194). The overcrowding of correctional facilities is one of the

Vietnam Financial System free essay sample

The government later reform the system and created a two-tier banking system, the SBV had restricted it self to acting as the central bank, the control of commercial banking activities were given to the four state owned commercial banks. These banks are the Bank of Foreign Trade (Vietcombank), Industrial and Commercial Bank (Incombank), Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (BARD), and the Bank for Investment and Development. During the 1990s, the government policies made some changes to allowed foreign banks to establish branches in the country and also the so called joint-stock commercial banks. Non-financial institutions such as finance and insurance companies have come to exist, but they were unimportant in terms of financing firms. The Vietnam stock market was only established in 2001. Vietnam has a bank-based financial system, as the banks have accounted for 85 – 90 percent of financial intermediation. Although the Vietnamese banking sector has increased, the bank credits still appear to be an unimportant source of finance because the domestic-bank-credit-to-GDP ratio in Vietnam has been low. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Financial System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2000 the ratio stood at 34. 9 percent, compare to 63. 6 percent in Indonesia, 63. 1 per cent in the Philippines, 79. 2 percent in Singapore, 100. 4 percent in Malaysia, and 111. 4 percent in Thailand. (Ly 2003) 1. 1 State-owned commercial banks: State owned commercial banks held 75 per cent of total bank assets. During the period of 1994 – 2000 the state owned commercial banks accounted for 68 – 83 percent of the total outstanding loans. More than half of the credit from banks was extended to SOEs. However, only a small share of the credit was given to the non-farm private enterprises. There are at least three factors that can explain the reason for non-farm private enterprise in Vietnam did not receive much of the credit from the state-owned commercial banks: 1. 1. 1The government-directed lending in favour of SOEs The banks area required to allocate a substantial share of their credit to SOEs at concessionary interest rate and without collateral as a matter of policy rather than because the loans are profitable. These SOEs usually failed to honour loan repayment obligations. The state-owned commercial banks often making losses, and because they are important to the banking system and the economy, the government recurrently refinances the banks by using general revenues, selling bonds to public, and by printing more money. These decisions would mean that the banks will continue to make bad loan to these SOEs. Thus its will continue to make the inefficient SOEs to survive. The other two factors are Information problem of state-owned banks with respect to private enterprises and Lending procedure and collateral requirement by the bank, we will not discuss about these factors as they are not significantly related to the topic. (Ly 2003) 1. 2 Foreign banks In 1991, the Vietnamese government started to permit the establishment of foreign banks’ branches. The foreign banks can bring many benefits to the economy, they may bring modern banking technology and management expertise into the domestic financial market, they can improve efficiency in the market by triggering the competition, its present can also promote foreign investment, etc. The foreign banks came into Viet in substantial numbers in the early 1990s, initially the regulation surrounding foreign banks’ activities was restrictive. Such as foreign banks only have license for 20 years. They were required to have a minimum local capitalisation of USD15 million. They were allowed to take dong deposits, but only up to an equivalent of USD 1. 5 million. Lending more than 10 percent of their capital to a single project also prohibited. However, this loan cap was removed in 1993. The financial crisis in Southeast Asia saw a numbers of foreign bank branches ceased operations in 1998. It also resulted in a decrease in outstanding loans accounted by the foreign banks from 28 percent in 1997, to 15 percent in 2002. (Ly 2003) 1. 3 Joint-stock commercial banks (JSBs) Since the mid-1990s, a number of Joint stock commercial banks had been established due to the banking reform.

The human development index Essay Example For Students

The human development index Essay Comparing The Old United Nations Human Development Index To The New One The United Nations is an international organization established immediately after World War 2 to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The United Nations Charter, which is the organizations governing treaty, was first drawn up in 1945 at a meeting held in San Francisco. The principle organs of the United Nations charter are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Other than trying to maintain peace and order around the world, the United Nations also gives an annual report of each countrys economic and social status in the world in order to find the problems that a country might be facing. The United Nations uses The human development index Essay to measure the quality of life in different places in the world. We will write a custom essay on The human development index specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The human development index is made up of indicators, which are elements of the standard of living that are used to measure contrasts between societies. Each indicator in the human development index measures and compares a specific element of standard of living in a country. In this essay, we will compare the old human development index to the new and improved human development index. We will also learn about Canadas ranking in the world and some of the problems Canada is facing today. The old human development index, used by the United Nations consisted of three main indicators. The first indicator used in the old human development index was the infant mortality rate. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants (Children under one year of age ) per thousand of total live births. The lower the infant mortality of a country is, the more developed that countrys health and medical system is. Therefor we could say that developed countries such as Canada, have a very low infant mortality rate, compared to the less developed countries. This is mainly because developed countries have the money and the technology to build medical facilities that use technologically advanced machines which help improve a countries health and medical systems, thus causing a lower infant mortality rate . Another factor that affects the infant mortality rate, is the wealth and economic prosperity of a country. For instance, if a country has a good economy, there would be a less chance of people of that country dying at early ages because of hunger or malnutrition. The second indicator used in the old human development index was the Life expectancy. Life expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live. Developed countries usually have greater life expectancies than the less developed countries. For example, Afghanistan, which is one of the least developed countries in the world has a life expectancy of 46.5 years while Canada, which is a developed country has an average life expectancy of 79.1 years. One factor that could affect the life expectancy of a country is the environment the population of that country lives in. For instance if the people of a country live in a place where there is not much sanitation, there is a good chance that a large number of people in that country would die as a result of diseases, caused by bacteria. The third indicator used in the old human development index was the literacy rate. Literacy rate is the percentage of the adult population who have at least the minimal ability to read. The literacy rate of a country is measured using the International Adult Literacy Survey. The International Adult Literacy Survey measures prose, document and quantitative skills. .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .postImageUrl , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:hover , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:visited , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:active { border:0!important; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:active , .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1 .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf746054d97340c350a4d82d38c94bee1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How english works Essay This survey is divided down into 5 levels, with level 1 being the category with the lowest skill and level 5 being the highest. Developed countries usually have high literacy rates compared to the developing countries which is one of the main reasons for their success. Countries who have high literacy rates are more educated and therefor have the knowledge required to survive in the global economy. Unlike developed countries, the less developed countries have low literacy rates. This is . The human development index Essay Example For Students The human development index Essay Comparing The Old United Nations Human Development Index To The New One The United Nations is an international organization established immediately after World War 2 to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The United Nations Charter, which is the organizations governing treaty, was first drawn up in 1945 at a meeting held in San Francisco. The principle organs of the United Nations charter are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Other than trying to maintain peace and order around the world, the United Nations also gives an annual report of each countrys economic and social status in the world in order to find the problems that a country might be facing. The United Nations uses The human development index Essay to measure the quality of life in different places in the world. We will write a custom essay on The human development index specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The human development index is made up of indicators, which are elements of the standard of living that are used to measure contrasts between societies. Each indicator in the human development index measures and compares a specific element of standard of living in a country. In this essay, we will compare the old human development index to the new and improved human development index. We will also learn about Canadas ranking in the world and some of the problems Canada is facing today. The old human development index, used by the United Nations consisted of three main indicators. The first indicator used in the old human development index was the infant mortality rate. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants (Children under one year of age ) per thousand of total live births. The lower the infant mortality of a country is, the more developed that countrys health and medical system is. Therefor we could say that developed countries such as Canada, have a very low infant mortality rate, compared to the less developed countries. This is mainly because developed countries have the money and the technology to build medical facilities that use technologically advanced machines which help improve a countries health and medical systems, thus causing a lower infant mortality rate . Another factor that affects the infant mortality rate, is the wealth and economic prosperity of a country. For instance, if a country has a good economy, there would be a less chance of people of that country dying at early ages because of hunger or malnutrition. The second indicator used in the old human development index was the Life expectancy. Life expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live. Developed countries usually have greater life expectancies than the less developed countries. For example, Afghanistan, which is one of the least developed countries in the world has a life expectancy of 46.5 years while Canada, which is a developed country has an average life expectancy of 79.1 years. One factor that could affect the life expectancy of a country is the environment the population of that country lives in. For instance if the people of a country live in a place where there is not much sanitation, there is a good chance that a large number of people in that country would die as a result of diseases, caused by bacteria. The third indicator used in the old human development index was the literacy rate. Literacy rate is the percentage of the adult population who have at least the minimal ability to read. The literacy rate of a country is measured using the International Adult Literacy Survey. The International Adult Literacy Survey measures prose, document and quantitative skills. .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .postImageUrl , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:hover , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:visited , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:active { border:0!important; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:active , .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65a8dfb2647803269a19ec7b51524d6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Form: A speech at a Woman's Rights conference Essay This survey is divided down into 5 levels, with level 1 being the category with the lowest skill and level 5 being the highest. Developed countries usually have high literacy rates compared to the developing countries which is one of the main reasons for their success. Countries who have high literacy rates are more educated and therefor have the knowledge required to survive in the global economy. Unlike developed countries, the less developed countries have low literacy rates. This is perhaps . The human development index Essay Example For Students The human development index Essay Comparing The Old United Nations HumanDevelopment Index To The New OneThe United Nations is an international organization established immediately after World War 2 to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The United Nations Charter, which is the organizations governing treaty, was first drawn up in 1945 at a meeting held in San Francisco. The principle organs of the United Nations charter are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Other than trying to maintain peace and order around the world, the United Nations also gives an annual report of each countrys economic and social status in the world in order to find the problems that a country might be facing. The United Nations uses the human development index to measure the quality of life in different places in the world. The human development index is made up of indicators, which are elements of the standard of living that are used to measure contrasts between societies. Each indicator in the human development index measures and compares a specific element of standard of living in a country. In this essay, we will compare the old human development index to the new and improved human development index. We will also learn about Canadas ranking in the world and some of the problems Canada is facing today. We will write a custom essay on The human development index specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The old human development index, used by the United Nations consisted of three main indicators. The first indicator used in the old human development index was the infant mortality rate. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants (Children under one year of age ) per thousand of total live births. The lower the infant mortality of a country is, the more developed that countrys health and medical system is. Therefor we could say that developed countries such as Canada, have a very low infant mortality rate, compared to the less developed countries. This is mainly because developed countries have the money and the technology to build medical facilities that use technologically advanced machines which help improve a countries health and medical systems, thus causing a lower infant mortality rate . Another factor that affects the infant mortality rate, is the wealth and economic prosperity of a country. For instance, if a country has a good economy, there would be a les s chance of people of that country dying at early ages because of hunger or malnutrition. The second indicator used in the old human development index was the Life expectancy. Life expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live. Developed countries usually have greater life expectancies than the less developed countries. For example, Afghanistan, which is one of the least developed countries in the world has a life expectancy of 46.5 years while Canada, which is a developed country has an average life expectancy of 79.1 years. One factor that could affect the life expectancy of a country is the environment the population of that country lives in. For instance if the people of a country live in a place where there is not much sanitation, there is a good chance that a large number of people in that country would die as a result of diseases, caused by bacteria. The third indicator used in the old human development index was the literacy rate. Literacy rate is the percentage of the adult population who have at least the minimal ability to read. The literacy rate of a country is measured using the International Adult Literacy Survey. The International Adult Literacy Survey measures prose, document and quantitative skills. This survey is divided down into 5 levels, with level 1 being the category with the lowest skill and level 5 being the highest. Developed countries usually have high literacy rates compared to the developing countries which is one of the main reasons for their success. Countries who have high literacy rates are more educated and therefor have the knowledge required to survive in the global economy. Unlike developed countries, the less developed countries have low literacy rates. This is perhaps the most important reason why the less developed countries are not technologically advanced, and therefor cannot compete economicall y with the developed countries. .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .postImageUrl , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:hover , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:visited , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:active { border:0!important; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:active , .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78c347d3101fbfed82c1874887e66b7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Marshall: The Great Chief Justice EssayThe new and improved human development index used by the United Nations consists of four indicators. The first indicator in the new human development index is the deprivation in survival. The deprivation in survival is measured by the percentage of the population likely to die before the age of 60. Therefor we could say that if a country has a high deprivation in survival, that country lacks health and medical systems that help people live longer. For example, Niger, which is located in Africa has one of the highest deprivations for survival in the world. This is mainly because Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world a nd as a result, its people cannot afford to buy food, thus causing many of them to die of malnutrition and diseases. The second indicator used in the new Human Development Index is the deprivation in knowledge. This indicator is measured by the percentage of the population functionally illiterate, which is basically the percentage of the population lacking an ability to read and write adequate for the most basic demands of modern society, such as reading instructions on a medicine bottle. Just like the old human development index, the new one uses The International Adult Literacy Survey to measure the literacy rate of a country. When comparing the deprivation in knowledge of developed countries with the developing countries, its clearly evident that developed countries have a lower deprivation in knowledge than the developing countries. However, illiteracy is not just a problem that exists in the developing countries. Illiteracy is a world wide problem that affects all the countries in the world. One billion people in the world, which turns out to be 26% of the adult population are illiterate and almost 2/3 of the worlds illiterate people are women. The third indicator used in the new Human Development Index is the deprivation in economic provisioning. The deprivation in economic provisioning is measured by the proportion of people whose disposable income is less than 50 percent of the median, leaving them unable to achieve the standard of living necessary to avoid hardship and to participate in the life of the community. The deprivation in economic provisioning exists all over the world, even the developed countries. For example, Mozambique which is located in Africa has one of the highest deprivations in economic provisioning, and the United States has the most poverty among industrialized nations, with 16.5 per cent of its population having incomes under the poverty line. The fourth indicator used in the new human development index is the social exclusion. Social exclusion is measured by the percentage of long term unemployed ( those out of work 12 months or more ) in the labour force. Social exclusion almost completely depends in the economy of a country. If a country has a strong economy, there would be lots of jobs available for the people of that country. On the other hand, if a country is in poor economic shape, that countrys social exclusion would be very high. For example, the United States has a social exclusion of 4.5 per cent while Algeria has a social exclusion of 40 per cent. Canada has been ranked 6 times this decade as the best place in the world to live, by the United nations. The United Nations 1998 human development index, which emphasized on the consumption from the perspective of human development, placed Canada first among 174 countries. Canada has the highest level of educational attainment among the developed countries, however it still has a deprivation in knowledge of about 3 per cent. Canadas average life expectancy is about 79.1 years compared to the industrialized nations average of 74.2. The social exclusion of Canada is about 7.8 per cent while its per capita income is $ 21,916 which was ranked 11th among the 17 industrialized countries. Canadas deprivation in economic provisioning is 12 per cent and it is ranked 10th of 17 in the poverty index for developed countries. Even though Canada has been ranked number one in the Human Development, there are still lots of room for improvement, and there are some areas that need work. For example C anada has one of the highest youth unemployment rates in the developed world. Canada also has one of the biggest gaps between the rich and poor among the industrial nations. .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .postImageUrl , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:hover , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:visited , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:active { border:0!important; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:active , .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61a21cf5cb6049c53a813edc42e9a14c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Opening an-inground swimming p EssayIn conclusion we could say that the new Human development Index is more accurate and useful than the old one. The reason for this is because the new Human Development Index has more indicators which help measure all the important elements of standards of living in different places in the world. By using the new Human development Index, the Untied nations can give out more accurate and useful reports of nations around the world, thus pointing out the problems that a country has, and needs to work on. By using the Human Development Report to compare countries, we could see that even the most developed countries in the world are not perfect , and still need improvements in certain aspects of their lives

Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Example

Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Example Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay Implications of Gender Roles in Oresteia Essay During Greek Rule hundreds of years ago women were put to a standard and expected to maintain it through everything that they do. When any woman did anything out of the norm then they were most likely ridiculed for what they had done. In his play, Oresteia, Aeschylus highlights the implications of gender roles in Greek society with the foiling of Clytemnestra by Electra to illustrate the Greek ideals and views of woman in contrast to their men, the Juxtaposition of Orestes and Clytemnestra as equal in their crime yet differing in Justification and reaction by the horus, and significance of male progression in Justice as carried out through the victory of Apollo over the Euminides despite Justice being carried out by a female goddess, Athena. In every society there are always the people that are classified as being abnormal or opposite of the norm and this is the character Clytemnestra plays in the story Oresteia. When compared to her daughter Electra, Clytemnestra proves to be completely different. Unlike Electra, Clytemnestra was not going to let any man go walking without Justice. When Electras own sister was killed by her father she didnt ee any wrongdoing. The worst part of it is that the person who got sacrificed could have easily been Electra instead. Electra stands by her fathers side, the mans side, the whole time like any woman during those times would. Even after her father is dead Electra says, l call out to my father. Pity me (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 135), showing that Electra, even though she had nothing to do with the death of her father, believes that she needs to beg her father for forgiveness. Electra herself sees the life of a man more important than the life of a woman. In contrast to that thought, Clytemnestra sees woman Just as equal as men, and that is where they differ. Further on into Electras speech to her father she says make me far more self- possessed than mother, make this hand more pure (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 145-146). Electra wants to be more in control and assured of herself than what she believes her mother is, and she looks to her father for this assurance. The events in the book prove that there is a huge Juxtaposition between Electra and Clytemnestras views about the roles of woman in society. There is a parallel when it comes to the killings of Iphigenia, Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Each person believed that what they were doing was acceptable to do in each of their situations. When Agamemnon sacrificed his daughters life he did it because he believed that that was his only option to make peace with Artemis so that he could help his brother in the Trojan War. So in Agamemnons eyes, the sacrifice of his daughter was an order sent by the Gods. When Clytemnestra killed Agamemnon, she also believed it was acceptable because he was the man that killed her own aughter and his own flesh in blood. The final situation was when Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra in vengeance of his fathers murder. The main difference between all three murders where the reactions from the chorus and citizens of the kingdoms. When Iphigenia and Clytemnestra were killed the chorus was indifferent and almost happy with what happened but when Agamemnon was killed by Clytemnestra, the chorus was in shock that a woman would do such a thing. The hand (Aeschylus, Agamemnon, line 1571-1572) which is in contrast to when Orestes s told But youVe done well. Dont burden yourself with bad omens, lash yourself with guilt. YouVe set us free, the whole city of Argos (Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers, line 1044-1046). These murders were literally done in parallel situations but because Clytemnestra was a woman that killed a man, her offense was found to be a greater crime than Agamemnon and Orestes. In the third book of Oresteia, Orestes is brought to the court of Athena who is the patron of Athens, and tried in front of a Jury for the crime of murdering his mother. Apollo, the God that told Orestes to kill Clytemnestra, fought for Orestes while the Furies fght for Clytemnestra. The furies argued that Orestes killed his own flesh in blood and the woman that bore him. Unfortunately for Clytemnestra though Apollo brings up that Athena was never born by natural birth and never had a mother to raise her. He claims that children dont need mothers, that it is the fathers seed and thats all someone needs. Because of this when it came to a tie vote from the Jury, Athena sided with Apollo and his argument. This shows that even Athena, a woman f great power sees women as useless in a sense. Athena has been solidified to believe that the one thing women were thought to be useful for, in those ages, as not needed. She takes the mans side of things and agrees with Apollo, another man, instead of helping Clytemnestra. Apparently back then; even woman with a high amount of power will hide behind the decisions of powerful men instead of creating their own. Through the differences of Athena and Clytemnestra, the Juxtaposition between the murders of Iphigenia, Agamemnon and Clytemnestra and the decisions made in he Greek court, it is proven that there are significant gender roles and schemas throughout the play Oresteia. There is no question that woman where treated differently and expected to act to a certain way during this time. The play showed a double standard of the expected behaviors between a man and woman and demonstrated all the different ways these standards are ridiculed throughout the society. Of all the things the readers learn one of the biggest things is that it definitely shows the differences in gender roles have drastically changed sense this time.

How to Join Your High School Newspaper 5 Great Benefits

How to Join Your High School Newspaper 5 Great Benefits SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you interested in joining your high school newspaper?Many high schools have a school paper to give students an opportunity to hone their writing skills and keep students, staff, and teachers updated on school and community news. Participating in your high school newspaper is a great way to improve your writing skills, learn more about journalism, and develop pieces you can include in your portfolio or resume.Read on to learn all you'll need to know abouthow to joinyour school newspaper, what work you’ll be doing, and how it will benefit you. What Does a HighSchool Newspaper Cover? If you join your school's newspaper, whatwill you write about? The specific topics will vary from paper to paper, but most school papers cover topics that affect the school and surrounding community. Common topics that school papers cover include: School events, such as dances, pep rallies, andassemblies School news Interviews with new students and staff School sports teams, clubs, and performing groups Community news Awards won by the school, a student, ora teacher Reviews of movies, music, and TV showsthat appeal to teenagers School advice, such as study tips and which classes to take One reason that many students enjoy being on the school paper is that they havea lot of freedom on what topicsthey’d like to cover. If you are just starting on the paper, you may be assigned articles to write about, but eventually, most writers are able to focus on topics they care about and find interesting. For example, if you enjoy sports, you may be able to write aboutthe school’s sports teams and travel to different sporting events to cover them. If you likefashion, it may be possible for you to start a column that discussescurrent clothing trends for teenagers. What Does the School Paper StaffDo? The work you doas part ofyour high school newspaper canvarywidely depending on your school and your role on the paper. Some schools offer a journalism class thatlets you work on the paper during the day and for academic credit. At other schools, the school paper is considered an extracurricular and is only done after school. Some schools let students choose what roles they’d try, others assign them or have students rotate throughout all the roles. In all cases, producing the school paper is a lot of work, and students who join it can expect to devote a significant amount of time to it in order to meet deadlines and have enough piecesready.Students often work together to brainstorm ideas and review articles before they are published, but between those times you may often find yourself working independently as you research stories, interview sources, and write up stories. The work you do for the school paper will also depend on the role you have. While most students are writers or reporters, other jobs exist as well, and they are all critical to producing a complete and high-quality school paper. Common Newspaper Jobs Writer:Writersare responsible for the majority of written contentin thenewspaper. They research and pitch story ideas, interview sources, and write articles that are then included in the school paper. Editor:After writing for awhile, you may choose to become an editor or split your duties between writing and editing.Editors are the overseers:they make sure everything in the paper is top quality.Their duties include developing ideas for new articles, approving article ideas, and editing completed piecesto ensure they are high quality and polished, as well as free of spelling and grammatical errors. Graphics and Layout:These people are responsible for the images included in the school paper and how the final product looks.This group can include photographers, who take pictures to accompany storiesandsometimes travel to get specific shots. It can also include graphic artists who design images and headers to be used in the paper. Finally, people in charge of the layout (who may also be editors) decide how the articles will be arranged, where images will be inserted, and smaller details such as margin and font size. What Are the Benefits of Joining the School Paper? There are multiple benefits to being part of your school’s newspaper, and I've listed someof the most important below. Benefit #1: Develop Your Writing Skills As you may imagine, being part of the school paper requires a lot of writing, and the regularpractice you getis one of the best ways to become a better writer.You will learn how to write clearly and concisely and get valuable feedback from your editors. Benefit #2: Learn More About Journalism Journalism involves a lot more than just writing; you also need to know how to conduct research, interview people, and find new stories to write about. Being part of the school paper introduces you to each of these components of the job. Hands-on experience is the best way to learn if journalism is something you want to continue long-term. Many students who like to write want to go into journalism, but when they experiencethe real daily life of a journalist, they realize it isn’t for them. Joiningyour school paper can help you learn early if journalism is a good fit for you. Benefit #3:IncreaseYour Confidence and Sense of Responsibility Many people find it nerve-wracking to start a conversation with a strangerand see articles they've written beprinted and distributed to people theyknow.In journalism, you’ll have to do both a lot, and by doing these things so often, they’ll eventually become second nature.Working for your school paper will often make you feel much more confident about interviewing peopleand seeing your work published. Being a journalist can also help increase your sense of responsibility because you'll bemeeting deadlines, presenting stories in an unbiased way, and respecting and listening to all the people you interview, even if they have different opinions than your own. Benefit #4: Meet New People Working on the school paper oftenrequires a largetime commitment. Because you are spending so much time working with your fellow journalists, you often form close friendships with them.Being a journalist, even just for a high school newspaper, also introduces you to a lot of people as you research stories. You will likely get to know many new people in your school and community if you stick with your paper for a while. Benefit #5: Can Strengthen Your Resume and College Applications Your school newspaper is a great extracurricular to have because it will give you numerous samples of your work that you can show to potential schools and employers. These articles also provide concrete evidence of the work you did for the newspaper. Strong writing skills are useful for many majors and careers, so even if you don’t plan to pursue a job in journalism or writing, the skills you gained while part of your school’s paper will be useful for practically any job you have in the future. Joining your high school newspaper will also give you experience in journalism and writing that can help you get an internship or a position atyour college’s paper in the future. Job experience can often be difficult for high school studentsto get, especially experience that relates to the career they’d like to pursue. By joining your school paper, you’ll be interviewing real people, writing articles that get read, and experiencing what it’s like to be a journalist, which are all great work experiences. How to Join Your High School Paper School newspapers almost always have a teacher who supervises the paper and ensures that everything is running smoothly. Your first step should be to contact them and ask how you can get involved. In some cases, you have to enroll in a high school journalism class to be part of the paper. You will receive academic credit for this, just like all your other classes, and you will work on the paper during the school day (although you will likely do work outside of school as well). For other schools, school paper is considered an extracurricular, and you will only work on it after school and not receive academic credit.Some schools require prospective journalists to show writing samples before letting them join the paper, other schools allow anyone with an interest to join. If your school requires a writing sample, you may be able to usea paper you've written for a previous class, or you can choose a story you think is interesting, such as a school dance or community event, and write a story on that. If you are unsure of who runs the school paper, ask one of your English teachers or your academic adviser. What If Your School Doesn't Have a Paper? If your school doesn’t have a newspaper, don’t worry, there are other ways for you to get journalism and writing experience. Alternative Options There are a number of other extracurriculars and activities you can try if you like writing but either aren't able to join the school newspaper or aren't sure it's right for you. Yearbook Most high schools distribute yearbooks, and many of these are designed by students. While being part of the yearbook will not involve as much writing as being part of a newspaper would, there are still many similarities between the two. Both require thinking of story ideas, developing layouts, editing, and getting quotes to include. Some yearbooks also include longer written pieces that you may be able to work on. Literary Journal Your school mayproducea literary journal in addition to or instead of a school newspaper. Literary journals often include many types of writing such as poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and humor pieces. If your school has a literary journal, it's likely that you'll be able to submit some articles similar to those you would write for a school paper. School Newsletter Even if your school doesn’t have a regular newspaper, it will likely have some sort of newsletter that it distributes to students and parents. While most of the pieces in these newsletters are about school news and upcoming events, many newsletters also include articles on topics common in school papers. Talk to someone at the school office or your academic adviserto learn if you can contribute to the newsletter. Community or Local Paper If you are unable to find an opportunity at your school, you may be able to join a paper in your community. Many places produce local papers or community newsletters, and it may be possible for you to contribute articles or do an internship at one of them to learn more about journalism. Start Your OwnSchool Newspaper You may also want to create a school newspaper if your school doesn’t already have one. While this will take a significant time commitment, it can be worth it if you’re very interested in journalism. Being the founder of the school paper also shows leadership and motivation, two qualities that colleges love to see in applicants. Follow These Steps to Get Started: Step 1:Talk to your academic adviserto learn how to start a new club or group at your school. There may be specific procedures you have to follow, and it’s best to know them before you get started. Making the club official may also give you a budget that you can use for printing fees and other expenses. Step 2:Find a teacher to supervise the paper. While students will be doing the majority of the work, most school clubs require a teacher to act as sponsor and oversee the group. If you don’t have a specific teacher in mind, ask one of your English teachers if they’d be willing to be the supervisor. Step 3:Recruit members and assign roles. Ask people you know and put up posters around the school. You’ll need writers, photographers, artists, and people with good computer skills in order to produce a complete paper. Your first issue doesn’t have to be extremely long; a few well written and edited articles with good formatting will look better than a longer paper that isn’t as polished. Step 4:Start creating! Once everyone knows what their job is, start brainstorming topics, interviewing sources, and writing articles. Step 5:Edit and assemble the paper. Check articles for spelling and grammatical errors, and decide where articles and images will be placed. Step 6:Print and distribute. Your school may allow you to print the paper for free on one of the school computers or provide you with a budget to cover printing fees. If they don't, and the cost of printing is high, you can try raising money through fundraisers such as bake sales. You may also consider distributing digital copies of the paper first. If you are printing paper versions, get permission to leave copies in the school library, computer rooms, or other areas that students frequent. Summary Joining your high school newspaper is a great way to learn about journalism and improve your writing skills. Members of the school paper have a lot of different jobs including researching new topics, conducting interviews, writing and editing stories, and taking photographs to accompany articles. Being part of your school newspaper can help you improveyour writing skills, meet new people, and give you experience to include on your resumes and college applications. To learn more about joining your school’s paper, talk to the teacher who supervises the paper or your academic adviser. They’ll be able to provide you with more information. If your school doesn’t have a paper, you can consider joining a local or community paper instead, or you can be the person to create your school’s newspaper! What's Next? Want to practice your writing more? Check out our guide to the high school English classes you should take and learn about the different writing classesthat are available Wondering why extracurricularsare important? Read our guide on what extracurriculars are and learn how they can help you get a job and get accepted into a top college! Want more ideas for after-school activities? Check out our list of hundreds of extracurricular examples, and find some that interest you! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Midieval Literature Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midieval Literature - Term Paper Example The given paper will discuss the sources for The Canterbury Tales, specifically The Clerk’s tale, and investigate the differences between the versions of the story provided by different authors. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer represents a great diversity of stories narrated by many people. This diversity brings to conclusion that the sources the author took for this literary creation are very different. Such conclusion in its turn makes us think of the causes Chaucers had for writing some of the stories met in The Canterbury Tales and his reasons for using definite sources. The most worth-researching connection is the bound between  the story called The Clerks Tale  and its source. The alterations made by the author of The Clerks Tale  to the tale of Griselda show Chaucers wish to make his own deep and profound investigation of the age-old problems connected with marriage by researching the way of thinking of a husband and a wife (Smith, 2008). The first source of the tale defined by Chaucer himself is the work of Petrarch. Some place in the tale seems to be exactly copied from the source. Chaucer not only reflects the thoughts of Petrarch but even uses his words in some sentences. However, Petrarch can’t be called the main source for The Canterbury Tales. There is another creation that played more important role. It is The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, mainly his story of Griselda that represents the main source for The Clerk’s Tale. Actually, Chaucer himself did not say any word about this source and this is not surprising – not only the clerk’s tale, but many other stories included in The Canterbury Tales have their origin in Boccaccios The Decameron. The similarity is so obvious that it can be even assumed that Chaucer communicated with Boccaccio, but preferred to conceal this fact (Smith, 2008). Two abovementioned creators are considered to be the sources used by Chaucer for The Clerks Tale. However, the

Personal Application Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal Application Assignment - Essay Example This assignment therefore required extensive coordination and interaction with different employees working in my department and extracting information from them. For me the first part of extracting the information was easy however, to actually convince people to cooperate with me was a difficult task. This was mainly due to the fact that people realized that the new changes may be detrimental to their overall career progression as well as may render them redundant for the firm. The fear of change was therefore so strong that I started to face the resistance even before the process was completed and the changes recommended were implemented. This experience made me realize the importance of managing the people side of the change as it always requires some extra effort to actually convince people that the overall change may be in the favor of the employees as well as the organization. Looking back at that episode, I came to realize the importance of how the change can actually create the resistance even if that change is in favor of the employees in long term. What is significant also is the assumption that people always take change in negative connotations thus not fully understanding as to how this change can actually benefit them and their career. I always believed that change is the only constant for the businesses to successfully operate in the current competitive business environment. In order to successfully develop the core competencies, businesses will therefore have to adapt to the new changes and their employees shall also understand the wider consequences of being complacent and how it can affect their own careers. Though the employees realized that the changes which may took place after the process of re-engineering may be beneficial for them as the same could offer them an opportunity to further develop their skills and match them

Dangers in the Environment Essay Example for Free

Dangers in the Environment Essay The Dangers within the Environment are affecting our health to means that we wouldn’t believe. We destroy our planets ozone that affects and causes global warming. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. It actually affects our children’s health more than it does to use. How can we do this to our environment knowing that it affects our health more and more. Dangers with in our Environment The dangers within the environment that affect our health are increasing day by day. The first thing that is we are doing to the environment is destroying our ozone layer. We are destroying the ozone layer by greenhouse gases. The way we treat our planet is going to affect our health and maybe even kill us because of the toxins and pollutants that we release into our environment. Certain types of pollutants that we release into the environment can cause us to have several complications with our health. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. It is not hard to see what we are doing to our planet on a daily basis. There is so much research that shows how much even low level of air pollution affects our health. Carbon dioxide is what we breathe out of our lungs when exhaling. Carbon dioxide is released while we are driving our motor vehicles, using our lawn mowers, and etc. For the one gallon of gasoline that is used in our machines it causes 19. of carbon dioxide to distribute into our environment. Trees absorb the carbon dioxide from the air but if the tree is cut down, burned, or dies then the carbon dioxide will not be absorbed up. When a tree slowly rots then the carbon dioxide is slowly released back into the environment. The pesticides that are toxic to our health and our environment are chemical pesticides. The chemical pesticides that is more dangerous to be farmers, their family members, and other people who use the chemical pesticides. The pesticides are released into the air that we breathe in. The pesticides are left on the produce that they are sprayed on and then remain on the inside of the produce. The pesticides can be rinsed off, but they also can run off into springs, and large bodies of water. In which the pesticides can contaminate our water supply. In the world today everyone is at risk for simple reason that we are destroying our planet. Our world is at a total disaster at how we treat it and take care of it. Individuals that live in the world are at risk form pollutants and toxins that are in the environment that we breathe on a daily basis. The pesticides, mercury and carbon dioxide that we release into the environment cause so many health problems to use and our children. We need to take better care of our environment and worry about our health. People do not care about their health because if they did then they will not smoke cigarettes that affect their health and our environment. If we would save from driving all over the place in our vehicles when you could ride a bike or walk. It could help save our environment from pollutants being disbursed into the air that we breathe.

anne frank :: essays research papers

DIARY OF ANNE FRANK Living in the peaceful land of Holland during the 1940's could never prepare the characters in this story for the devastation that was about to unfold. At first this story starts with Anne in a happy environment. Then things take a turn for the worst. This story has many settings over a long period of time, from 1939 to 1945 the war lasted. Through that time the story goes from Holland to a concentration camp then to another concentration camp. The story is told from the perspective of a young girl named Anne Frank. Anne was a normal Jewish girl who had normal problems like school and boys. She had always daydreamed about being a movie star. She was a very intelligent girl and liked to write. She liked to write so much that if she couldn't be a movie star she wanted to be a writer. Anne was very good at writing and wrote about the things that happened to her, her family and her friend with very unique and detailed wording. Hannah, like Anne lived in Holland. Also like Anne, Hannah was very friendly to all the people that she met and had many friends. Hannah and Anne were good friends, although Hannah had always teased Anne about being young, because Hannah was a month older than her. Meip Geis was a friend to Anne. When the franks were in hiding the were brought food by Meip. Meip was somewhat naive to the situations that surrounded her. She did not have the same intelligence or insights that Mr. frank possessed. She was very defiant and outspoken and had many close friends such as Hannah and Anne. Mr. Frank, the father of Anne was a very good man. He was smart, kind and very caring. Even when times were at there worst in the concentration camp, he help the men in his barracks."He is like a saint" one prisoner said to Anne, while speaking through the gate. All was well in Holland. Anne had just arrived at Hannah’s to ride bikes together to school. That day when they came home they found German soldiers at their house. They had come to take away their bicycles. Before long many more privileges were taken away from the Jewish people. Then Hannah heard the news that Anne was moving to Switzerland. This news was not true however because Anne had actually gone into hiding .

Foundation and Empire 26. End Of The Search

There was not a word to be said. The echoes of the blast rolled away into the outer rooms and rumbled downward into a hoarse, dying whisper. Before its death, it had muffled the sharp clamor of Bayta's falling blaster, smothered Magnifico's high-pitched cry, drowned out Toran's inarticulate roar. There was a silence of agony. Bayta's head was bent into obscurity. A droplet caught the light as it fell. Bayta had never wept since her childhood. Toran's muscles almost cracked in their spasm, but he did not relax – he felt as if he would never unclench his teeth again. Magnifico's face was a faded, lifeless mask. Finally, from between teeth still tight, Toran choked out in an unrecognizable voice, â€Å"You're a Mule's woman, then. He got to you!† Bayta looked up, and her mouth twisted with a painful merriment, â€Å"I, a Mule's woman? That's ironic.† She smiled – a brittle effort – and tossed her hair back. Slowly, her voice verged back to the normal, or something near it. â€Å"It's over, Toran; I can talk now. How much I will survive, I don't know. But I can start talking-â€Å" Toran's tension had broken of its own weight and faded into a flaccid dullness, â€Å"Talk about what, Bay? What's there to talk about?† â€Å"About the calamity that's followed us. We've remarked about it before, Torie. Don't you remember? How defeat has always bitten at our heels and never actually managed to nip us? We were on the Foundation, and it collapsed while the Independent Traders still fought – but we got out in time to go to Haven. We were on Haven, and it collapsed while the others still fought – and again we got out in time. We went to Neotrantor, and by now it's undoubtedly joined the Mule.† Toran listened and shook his head, â€Å"I don't understand.† â€Å"Torie, such things don't happen in real life. You and I are insignificant people; we don't fall from one vortex of politics into another continuously for the space of a year – unless we carry the vortex with us. Unless we carry the source of infection with us! Now do you see?† Toran's lips tightened. His glance fixed horribly upon the bloody remnants of what had once been a human, and his eyes sickened. â€Å"Let's get out of here, Bay. Let's get out into the open.† It was cloudy outside. The wind scudded about them in drab spurts and disordered Bayta's hair. Magnifico had crept after them and now he hovered at the edge of their conversation. Toran said tightly, â€Å"You killed Ebling Mis because you believed him to be the focus of infection?† Something in her eyes struck him. He whispered, â€Å"He was the Mule?† He did not – could not – believe the implications of his own words. Bayta laughed sharply, â€Å"Poor Ebling the Mule? Galaxy, no! I couldn't have killed him if he were the Mule. He would have detected the emotion accompanying the move and changed it for me to love, devotion, adoration, terror, whatever he pleased. No, I killed Ebling because he was not the Mule. I killed him because he knew where the Second Foundation was, and in two seconds would have told the Mule the secret.† â€Å"Would have told the Mule the secret,† Toran repeated stupidly. â€Å"Told the Mule-â€Å" And then he emitted a sharp cry, and turned to stare in horror at the clown, who might have been crouching unconscious there for the apparent understanding he had of what he heard. â€Å"Not Magnifico?† Toran whispered the question. â€Å"Listen!† said Bayta. â€Å"Do you remember what happened on Neotrantor? Oh, think for yourself, Torie-â€Å" But he shook his head and mumbled at her. She went on, wearily, â€Å"A man died on Neotrantor. A man died with no one touching him. Isn't that true? Magnifico played on his Visi-Sonor and when he was finished, the crown prince was dead. Now isn't that strange? Isn't it queer that a creature afraid of everything, apparently helpless with terror, has the capacity to kill at will.† â€Å"The music and the light-effects,† said Toran, â€Å"have a profound emotional effect-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, an emotional effect. A pretty big one. Emotional effects happen to be the Mule's specialty. That, I suppose, can be considered a coincidence. And a creature who can kill by suggestion is so full of fright. Well, the Mule tampered with his mind, supposedly, so that can be explained. But, Toran, I caught a little of that Visi-Sonor selection that killed the crown prince. Just a little – but it was enough to give me that same feeling of despair I had in the Time Vault and on Haven. Toran, I can't mistake that particular feeling.† Toran's face was darkening. â€Å"I†¦ felt it, too. I forgot. I never thought-â€Å" â€Å"It was then that it first occurred to me. It was just a vague feeling – intuition, if you like. I had nothing to go on. And then Pritcher told us of the Mule and his mutation, and it was clear in a moment. It was the Mule who had created the despair in the Time Vault; it was Magnifico who had created the despair on Neotrantor. It was the same emotion. Therefore, the Mule and Magnifico were the same person. Doesn't it work out nicely, Torie? Isn't it just like an axiom in geometry – things equal to the same thing are equal to each other?† She was at the edge of hysteria, but dragged herself back to sobriety by main force. She continued, â€Å"The discovery scared me to death. If Magnifico were the Mule, he could know my emotions – and cure them for his own purposes. I dared not let him know. I avoided him. Luckily, he avoided me also; he was too interested in Ebling Mis. I planned killing Mis before he could talk. I planned it secretly – as secretly as I could – so secretly I didn't dare tell it to myself. â€Å"If I could have killed the Mule himself – But I couldn't take the chance. He would have noticed, and I would have lost everything.† She seemed drained of emotion. Toran said harshly and with finality, â€Å"It's impossible. Look at the miserable creature. He the Mule? He doesn't even hear what we're saying.† But when his eyes followed his pointing finger, Magnifico was erect and alert, his eyes sharp and darkly bright. His voice was without a trace of an accent, â€Å"I hear her, my friend. It is merely that I have been sitting here and brooding on the fact that with all my cleverness and forethought I could make a mistake, and lose so much.† Toran stumbled backward as if afraid the clown might touch him or that his breath might contaminate him. Magnifico nodded, and answered the unspoken question. â€Å"I am the Mule.† He seemed no longer a grotesque; his pipestem limbs, his beak of a nose lost their humor-compelling qualities. His fear was gone; his bearing was firm. He was in command of the situation with an ease born of usage. He said, tolerantly, â€Å"Seat yourselves. Go ahead; you might as well sprawl out and make yourselves comfortable. The game's over, and I'd like to tell you a story. It's a weakness of mine – I want people to understand me.† And his eyes as he looked at Bayta were still the old, soft sad brown ones of Magnifico, the clown. â€Å"There is nothing really to my childhood,† he began, plunging bodily into quick, impatient speech, â€Å"that I care to remember. Perhaps you can understand that. My meagerness is glandular; my nose I was born with. It was not possible for me to lead a normal childhood. My mother died before she saw me. I do not know my father. I grew up haphazard, wounded and tortured in mind, full of self-pity and hatred of others. I was known then as a queer child. All avoided me; most out of dislike; some out of fear. Queer incidents occurred – Well, never mind! Enough happened to enable Captain Pritcher, in his investigation of my childhood to realize that I was a mutant, which was more than I ever realized until I was in my twenties.† Toran and Bayta listened distantly. The wash of his voice broke over them, seated on the ground as they were, unheeded almost. The clown – or the Mule – paced before them with little steps, speaking downward to his own folded arms. â€Å"The whole notion of my unusual power seems to have broken on me so slowly, in such sluggish steps. Even toward the end, I couldn't believe it. To me, men's minds are dials, with pointers that indicate the prevailing emotion. It is a poor picture, but how else can I explain it? Slowly, I learned that I could reach into those minds and turn the pointer to the spot I wished, that I could nail it there forever. And then it took even longer to realize that others couldn't. â€Å"But the consciousness of power came, and with it, the desire to make up for the miserable position of my earlier life. Maybe you can understand it. Maybe you can try to understand it. It isn't easy to be a freak – to have a mind and an understanding and be a freak. Laughter and cruelty! To be different! To be an outsider! â€Å"You've never been through it!† Magnifico looked up to the sky and teetered on the balls of his feet and reminisced stonily, â€Å"But I eventually did learn, and I decided that the Galaxy and I could take turns. Come, they had had their innings, and I had been patient about it – for twenty-two years. My turn! It would be up to the rest of you to take it! And the odds would be fair enough for the Galaxy. One of me! Quadrillions of them!† He paused to glance at Bayta swiftly. â€Å"But I had a weakness. I was nothing in myself. If I could gain power, it could only be by means of others. Success came to me through middlemen. Always! It was as Pritcher said. Through a pirate, I obtained my first asteroidal base of operations. Through an industrialist I got my first foothold on a planet. Through a variety of others ending with the warlord of Kalgan, I won Kalgan itself and got a navy. After that, it was the Foundation – and you two come into the story. â€Å"The Foundation,† he said, softly, â€Å"was the most difficult task I had met. To beat it, I would have to win over, break down, or render useless an extraordinary proportion of its ruling class. I could have done it from scratch – but a short cut was possible, and I looked for it. After all, if a strong man can lift five hundred pounds, it does not mean that he is eager to do so continuously. My emotional control is not an easy task, I prefer not to use it, where not fully necessary. So I accepted allies in my first attack upon the Foundation. â€Å"As my clown, I looked for the agent, or agents, of the Foundation that must inevitably have been sent to Kalgan to investigate my humble self. I know now it was Han Pritcher I was looking for. By a stroke of fortune, I found you instead. I am a telepath, but not a complete one, and, my lady, you were from the Foundation. I was led astray by that. It was not fatal for Pritcher joined us afterward, but it was the starting point of an error that was fatal.† Toran stirred for the first time. He spoke in an outraged tone, â€Å"Hold on, now. You mean that when I outfaced that lieutenant on Kalgan with only a stun pistol, and rescued you – that you had emotionally-controlled me into it.† He was spluttering. â€Å"You mean I've been tampered with all along.† A thin smile played on Magnifico's face. â€Å"Why not? You don't think it's likely? Ask yourself then – Would you have risked death for a strange grotesque you had never seen before, if you had been in your right mind? I imagine you were surprised at events in cold after-blood.† â€Å"Yes,† said Bayta, distantly, â€Å"he was. It's quite plain.† â€Å"As it was,† continued the Mule, â€Å"Toran was in no danger. The lieutenant had his own strict instructions to let us go. So the three of us and Pritcher went to the Foundation – and see how my campaign shaped itself instantly. When Pritcher was court-martialed and we were present, I was busy. The military judges of that trial later commanded their squadrons in the war. They surrendered rather easily, and my Navy won the battle of Horleggor, and other lesser affairs. â€Å"Through Pritcher, I met Dr. Mis, who brought me a Visi-Sonor, entirely of his own accord, and simplified my task immensely. Only it wasn't entirely of his own accord.† Bayta interrupted, â€Å"Those concerts! I've been trying to fit them in. Now I see.† â€Å"Yes,† said Magnifico, â€Å"the Visi-Sonor acts as a focusing device. In a way, it is a primitive device for emotional control in itself. With it, I can handle people in quantity and single people more intensively. The concerts I gave on Terminus before it fell and Haven before it fell contributed to the general defeatism. I might have made the crown prince of Neotrantor very sick without the Visi-Sonor, but I could not have killed him. You see? â€Å"But it was Ebling Mis who was my most important find. He might have been-† Magnifico said it with chagrin, then hurried on, â€Å"There is a special facet to emotional control you do not know about. Intuition or insight or hunch-tendency, whatever you wish to call it, can be treated as an emotion. At least, I can treat it so. You don't understand it, do you?† He waited for no negative, â€Å"The human mind works at low efficiency. Twenty percent is the figure usually given. When, momentarily, there is a flash of greater power it is termed a hunch, or insight, or intuition. I found early that I could induce a continual use of high brain-efficiency. It is a killing process for the person affected, but it is useful. The nuclear field-depressor which I used in the war against the Foundation was the result of high-pressuring a Kalgan technician. Again I work through others. â€Å"Ebling Mis was the bull's-eye. His potentialities were high, and I needed him. Even before my war with the Foundation had opened, I had already sent delegates to negotiate with the Empire. It was at that time I began my search for the Second Foundation. Naturally, I didn't find it. Naturally, I knew that I must find it – and Ebling Mis was the answer. With his mind at high efficiency, he might possibly have duplicated the work of Hari Seldon. â€Å"Partly, he did. I drove him to the utter limit. The process was ruthless, but had to be completed. He was dying at the end, but he lived-† Again, his chagrin interrupted him. â€Å"He would have lived long enough. Together, we three could have gone onward to the Second Foundation. It would have been the last battle – but for my mistake.† Toran stirred his voice to hardness, â€Å"Why do you stretch it out so? What was your mistake, and†¦ and have done with your speech.† â€Å"Why, your wife was the mistake. Your wife was an unusual person. I had never met her like before in my life. I†¦ I-† Quite suddenly, Magnifico's voice broke. He recovered with difficulty. There was a grimness about him as he continued. â€Å"She liked me without my having to juggle her emotions. She was neither repelled by me nor amused by me. She liked me! â€Å"Don't you understand? Can't you see what that would mean to me? Never before had anyone – Well, I†¦ cherished that. My own emotions played me false, though I was master of all others. I stayed out of her mind, you see; I did not tamper with it. I cherished the natural feeling too greatly. It was my mistake – the first. â€Å"You, Toran, were under control. You never suspected me; never questioned me; never saw anything peculiar or strange about me. As for instance, when the ‘Filian' ship stopped us. They knew our location, by the way, because I was in communication with them, as I've remained in communication with my generals at all times. When they stopped us, I was taken aboard to adjust Han Pritcher, who was on it as a prisoner. When I left, he was a colonel, a Mule's man, and in command. The whole procedure was too open even for you, Toran. Yet you accepted my explanation of the matter, which was full of fallacies. See what I mean?† Toran grimaced, and challenged him, â€Å"How did you retain communications with your generals?† â€Å"There was no difficulty to it. Hyperwave transmitters are easy to handle and eminently portable. Nor could I be detected in a real sense! Anyone who did catch me in the act would leave me with a slice gapped out of his memory. It happened, on occasion. â€Å"On Neotrantor, my own foolish emotions betrayed me again. Bayta was not under my control, but even so might never have suspected me if I had kept my head about the crown prince. His intentions towards Bayta – annoyed me. â€Å"I killed him. It was a foolish gesture. An unobtrusive flight would have served as well. â€Å"And still your suspicions would not have been certainties, if I had stopped Pritcher in his well-intentioned babbling, or paid less attention to Mis and more to you-† He shrugged. â€Å"That's the end of it?† asked Bayta. â€Å"That's the end.† â€Å"What now, then?† â€Å"I'll continue with my program. That I'll find another as adequately brained and trained as Ebling Mis in these degenerate days, I doubt. I shall have to search for the Second Foundation otherwise. In a sense you have defeated me.† And now Bayta was upon her feet, triumphant. â€Å"In a sense? Only in a sense? We have defeated you entirely! All your victories outside the Foundation count for nothing, since the Galaxy is a barbarian vacuum now. The Foundation itself is only a minor victory, since it wasn't meant to stop your variety of crisis. It's the Second Foundation you must beat – the Second Foundation – and it's the Second Foundation that will defeat you. Your only chance was to locate it and strike it before it was prepared. You won't do that now. Every minute from now on, they will be readier for you. At this moment, at this moment, the machinery may have started. You'll know – when it strikes you, and your short term of power will be over, and you'll be just another strutting conqueror, flashing quickly and meanly across the bloody face of history.† She was breathing hard, nearly gasping in her vehemence, â€Å"And we've defeated you, Toran and I. I am satisfied to die.† But the Mule's sad, brown eyes were the sad, brown, loving eyes of Magnifico. â€Å"I won't kill you or your husband. It is, after all, impossible for you two to hurt me further; and killing you won't bring back Ebling Mis. My mistakes were my own, and I take responsibility for them. Your husband and yourself may leave! Go in peace, for the sake of what I call – friendship.† Then, with a sudden touch of pride, â€Å"And meanwhile I am still the Mule, the most powerful man in the Galaxy. I shall still defeat the Second Foundation.† And Bayta shot her last arrow with a firm, calm certitude, â€Å"You won't! I have faith in the wisdom of Seldon yet. You shall be the last ruler of your dynasty, as well as the first.† Something caught Magnifico. â€Å"Of my dynasty? Yes, I had thought of that, often. That I might establish a dynasty. That I might have a suitable consort.† Bayta suddenly caught the meaning of the look in his eyes and froze horribly. Magnifico shook his head. â€Å"I sense your revulsion, but that's silly. If things were otherwise, I could make you happy very easily. It would be an artificial ecstasy, but there would be no difference between it and the genuine emotion. But things are not otherwise. I call myself the Mule – but not because of my strength – obviously-â€Å" He left them, never looking back.

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay

Develop or select the instruments your team will use to collect data. Describe how you will sample the population:  · What is the appropriate sampling method?  · What sampling frame will be used?  · What is the appropriate sampling size?  · How will the sample size be determined? Discuss the overall data analysis approach and result reporting:  · Which statistical test will be used and why?  · How will the results be displayed? Combine the three parts of the Preparing to Conduct Business Research assignment to develop a cohesive research proposal of no more than 2,450 words.   Include the following elements:  · Research problem and purpose  · Significance, scope, magnitude, and feasibility of finding a solution to the issue, opportunity, or problem  · Research question, hypothesis, and variables  · Research design  · Instrument you developed or selected  · Sampling method  · Overall data analysis approach  · Result reporting  · Ethical considerations

Serpens essays

Serpens essays The constellation Serpens is very unique in many different ways. The most noticeable is that it lays in two parts; Serpens Caput which is the head of the serpent and Serpens Cauda, the tail of the serpent. These two separate constellations are joined to form one of the largest constellations in the sky. Serpens is also very unique because it is joined by another constellation, Ophiuchus. Ophiuchus is a man holding onto the serpent. These two constellations appear right next to the Milky Way causing many star formations and exciting stellar activity within the two constellations. (Moore, 128) In 1604, a supernova with a magnitude of 2.5 appeared next to the right leg of Ophiuchus and dissipated in 1605. This supernova is known as Keplers Supernova. There are only three records of supernovas appearing in this galaxy, and this one is included. Because Ophiuchus and Serpens occupy such a wide celestial field in the West Side of the Milky Way, it is constantly being observed for new stellar activity. A mortal woman named Eoronius lay on a hillside preparing to give birth and she was with a man named Ischys. As Coronius waited for her son, the babys father, Apollo, looked down upon earth and witnessed Ischys with his lover. Apollo became insanely jealous and strung a bow piercing Coronius with an arrow. Coronius cried out You could have let me bear your child. Now, in my one person, two will parish. Apollo, not meaning to kill his unborn son as well, quickly swooped down and snatched the boy from Coronius lifeless womb. Apollo took his newly born son, Ophiuchus (also called Aesculapius in Greek mythology), to the cave of Chiron, the Centaur. During Ophiuchuss stay with Chiron, he taught the young boy the art of healing and of medicine. One day as Ophiuchus practiced his lesson, he came upon a snake which looked very deadly and poisonous. He quickly reacted and kill...

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict Many excellent historians have discussed the causes of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), and many more will do so in the future. Thucydides, however, wrote the most important contemporary chronicle of the war. Importance of the Peloponnesian War Fought between the allies of Sparta and the empire of Athens, the crippling Peloponnesian War paved the way for the Macedonian takeover of Greece by Philip II of Macedon and, following that, Alexander the Greats empire. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states (poleis) of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War, they turned on each other. Thucydides on the Cause of the Peloponnesian War In the first book of his history, participant-observer and historian Thucydides recorded the causes of the Peloponnesian War: The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.I.1.23 History of the Peloponnesian War While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. The main reasons proposed are: Sparta was jealous of other powers and desired more power for itself.Sparta was unhappy at no longer having all the military glory.Athen bullied its allies and neutral cities.There was a conflict among city-states between competing political ideologies. Historian Donald Kagan has been studying the causes of the Peloponnesian War for decades. His 2003 book provides a detailed breakdown of the politics, alliances, and events that led to the war. Athens and the Delian League Many historical accounts make brief mention of the earlier Persian Wars, which undervalues their importance as a contributing factor to the later war. Because of the Persian Wars, Athens had to be rebuilt and it came to dominate its group of allies politically and economically. The Athenian empire started with the Delian League, which had been formed to allow Athens to take the lead in the  war against Persia, and wound up providing Athens with access to what was supposed to be a communal treasury. Athens used these communal funds to build up its navy and, with it, its importance and power. Spartas Allies Earlier, Sparta had been the military leader of the Greek world. Sparta had a set of loose alliances by means of individual treaties that extended to the Peloponnese, excepting Argos and Achaea. The Spartan alliances are referred to as the Peloponnesian League. Sparta Insults Athens When Athens decided to invade Thasos, Sparta would have come to the aid of the north Aegean island, had Sparta not suffered a natural disaster. Athens, still bound by alliances of the Persian War years, tried to help the Spartans, but was rudely asked to leave. Kagan says that this open quarrel in 465 BCE was the first between Sparta and Athens. Athens broke off the alliance with Sparta and allied, instead, with Spartas enemy, Argos. Athens Gains an Ally and an Enemy When Megara turned to Sparta for help in its boundary dispute with Corinth, Sparta, which was allied with both city-states, declined to come to their aid. Megara broke its alliance with Sparta and proposed a new one with Athens. Athens needed a friendly Megara on its border since it provided gulf access, so it agreed in 459 BCE. Doing so, unfortunately, set up lasting enmity with Corinth. About 15 years later, Megara joined back up again with Sparta. Thirty Years Peace In 446 and 445, Athens, a sea power, and Sparta, a land power, signed a peace treaty. The Greek world was now formally divided in two, with two hegemons. By treaty, members of one side could not switch and join the other, although neutral powers could take sides. Historian Kagan writes that, for possibly the first time in history, an attempt was made to keep the peace by requiring both sides to submit grievances to binding arbitration. Fragile Balance of Power A complicated partially ideological political conflict between Spartan-ally Corinth and her neutral daughter city and strong naval power, Corcyra, led to Athenian involvement in Spartas realm. Corcyra appealed to Athens for help, offering to Athens the use of its navy. Corinth urged Athens to remain neutral. But since Corcyras navy was powerful, Athens was concerned that it would fall into Spartan hands and disrupt whatever fragile balance of power the city-states were maintaining. Athens signed a defense-only treaty and sent a fleet to Corcyra. Fighting ensued and Corcyra, with Athens aid, won the Battle of Sybota against Corinth in 433. Athens now knew that direct battle with Corinth was inevitable. Spartan Promises to Athens Ally Potidaea was part of the Athenian empire, but also a daughter city of Corinth. Athens feared a revolt, with good reason, since the Potidaeans had secretly acquired a promise of Spartan support, to invade Athens, in violation of the 30 years treaty. Megarian Decree Athens former ally, the polis Megara, had allied with Corinth at Sybota and elsewhere, and Athens, therefore, put a peacetime embargo on Megara. Historians are not clear on the embargos effects, some saying that Megara was merely made uncomfortable, while others claim that it set the polis on the brink of starvation. The embargo was not an act of war, but Corinth took the opportunity to urge all allies disaffected with Athens to pressure Sparta now to invade Athens. There were enough hawks among the ruling bodies in Sparta to carry the war motion. And so the full-fledged Peloponnesian War began. Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. Viking, 2003Sealey, Raphae. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. Classical Philology, vol. 70, no. 2, April 1975, pp. 89-109.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley, J.M. Dent and Sons, 1910.